Photocatalytic Dinitrogen Reduction with Water on Boron-Doped Carbon Nitride Loaded with Nickel Phosphide Particles

Photocatalytic N-2 reduction with water by sunlight irradiation is a challenging issue toward sustainable energy society, but previously reported photocatalysts had suffered from low stability and low activity. We prepared a boron-doped carbon nitride (BCN) semiconductor powder loaded with nickel phosphide particles (Ni2P) as cocatalysts. The Ni2P/BCN catalyst, when photoirradiated in pure water by simulated sunlight under N-2 flow, successfully produces NH3 at room temperature. The B doping leads to a positive shift of the valence band level and enhances water oxidation by the photoformed holes. The Ni2P particles efficiently receive the conduction band electrons of BCN, leading to enhanced charge separation of the photoformed hole and electron pairs, and behave as N-2 reduction sites. Simulated sunlight irradiation of the catalyst in water stably generates NH3 with 0.010% solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency. This noble-metal-free system therefore shows a significant potential for N-2 photofixation.