Empirical generalizations in eco-innovation: A meta-analytic approach

Although discussions on eco-innovation are ongoing and the concept is evolving, its central idea is highly stimulating. Thus, a great number of studies has been conducted in recent years around the world based on different perspectives, contexts and outcomes. Therefore, the identification and analysis of factors related to eco-innovation are essential if knowledge in this field is to be improved and consolidated. This research aimed to advance our understanding of the different dimensions of eco-innovation through a meta-analytical review of its antecedents or drivers, consequents and moderators. Thus, a total of 71 studies was analysed, generating 818 effect sizes and 220,582 cumulative samples. The main findings revealed that barriers, company capabilities, environmental regulation, market turbulence, information sources, R&D and company size were significant antecedents to eco-innovation. It was also noted that a significance relationship exists between eco-innovation and firm performance. Regarding the moderating effect, it was observed that culture, the economic situation of the country and context influence the relationship between eco-innovation and performance. The results revealed that countries with a lower HDI presented stronger effects between eco-innovation and firm performance than countries with a higher HDI. These findings were interesting because they could demonstrate that eco-innovation tends to promote more competitive advantage in countries with environmental problems and consequently a lower HDI. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.