Frontiers in alopecia areata pathobiology research

This current review explores selected and as yet insufficiently investigated frontiers in current alopecia areata (AA) pathobiology research, with an emphasis on potential new'' players in AA pathobiology that deserve more systematic exploration and therapeutic targeting. Indeed, new evidence suggests that CD8(+) T cells, which have long been thought to be the central players in AA pathobiology, are not the only drivers of disease. Instead, subsets of natural killer (NK) and so-called unconventional'' T cells (invariant NK T cells, gamma delta T cells, classic NK cells, and type 1 innate lymphoid cells), all of which can produce large amounts of IFN-gamma, might also drive AA pathobiology independent of classical, autoantigen-dependent CD8(+) T-cell functions. Another important new frontier is the role of regulatory lymphocyte subsets, such as regulatory T cells, gamma delta regulatory T cells, NKT10 cells, and perifollicular mast cells, in maintaining physiologic hair follicle immune privilege (IP); the extent to which these functions are defective in patients with AA; and how this IP-protective role could be restored therapeutically in patients with established AA. Broadening our AA research horizon along the lines suggested above promises not only to open the door to innovative and even more effective immunotherapy strategies for AA but will also likely be relevant for other autoimmune disorders in which pathobiology, ectopic MHC class I expression, and IP collapse play an important role.