期刊
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
卷 68, 期 5, 页码 1354-1363出版社
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06918
关键词
carotenoid; evolution; lutein; lycopene; lycopene cyclase; Porphyra umbilicalis; Pyropia yezoensis; red algae
资金
- National Key R&D Program of China [2018YFD0901500]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [31770331, 31970318]
- Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu, China [BK20171251]
Carotenoids are essential phytonutrients synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms. Acyclic lycopene is the first branching point for carotenoid biosynthesis. Lycopene beta- and epsilon-cyclases (LCYB and LCYE, respectively) catalyze the cyclization of its open ends and direct the metabolic flux into different downstream branches. Carotenoids of the beta,beta-branch (e.g., beta-carotene) are found in all photosynthetic organisms, but those of the beta,epsilon-branch (e.g., lutein) are generally absent in cyanobacteria, heterokonts, and some red algae. Although both LCYBs and LCYEs have been characterized from land plants, there are only a few reports on LCYs from cyanobacteria and algae. Here, we cloned four LCY genes from Porphyra umbilicalis and Pyropia yezoensis (susabi-nori) of Bangiales, the most primitive red algal order that synthesizes lutein. Our functional characterization in both Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrated that each species has a pair of LCYB and LCYE. Similar to LCYs from higher plants, red algal LCYBs cyclize both ends of lycopene, and their LCYEs only cyclize a single end. The characterization of LCYEs from red algae resolved the first bifurcation step toward beta-carotene and lutein biosynthesis. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that LCYEs of the green lineage and the red algae originated separately during evolution.
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