Particle and organic vapor emissions from children's 3-D pen and 3-D printer toys

Objective: Fused filament fabrication 3-dimensional (3-D) printing has expanded beyond the workplace to 3-D printers and pens for use by children as toys to create objects. Materials and methods: Emissions from two brands of toy 3-D pens and one brand of toy 3-D printer were characterized in a 0.6 m(3) chamber (particle number, size, elemental composition; concentrations of individual and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC)). The effects of print parameters on these emission metrics were evaluated using mixed-effects models. Emissions data were used to model particle lung deposition and TVOC exposure potential. Results: Geometric mean particle yields (10(6)-10(10) particles/g printed) and sizes (30-300 nm) and TVOC yields (