Spatial prediction of soil organic carbon stocks in Ghana using legacy data

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a major driver of the multiple functions of soils in the delivery of ecosystem services. While the spatial prediction and mapping of SOC stocks are of key importance for land managers to understand the synergies between SOC management and soil health, a spatially-explicit map of the distribution of SOC stocks in Ghana is non-existent. Therefore, we quantified the spatial distribution of SOC stocks and associated uncertainties to a target depth of 0-30 cm based on regression-kriging modelling to fill this knowledge gap. The mean error (ME) of the predictions is negligible. The mean absolute error (MAE) shows that the model has prediction errors of about 0.48%. The coefficient of determination (R-2) shows that the model explains 34% of the variation in model predictions of SOC stocks. The RMSE is 0.63% of the prediction errors. The predicted SOC stocks show significant variation in their spatial distribution throughout the country. Generally, a trend of decreasing SOC stocks from the southwest to the northeast is clearly recognized. SOC stocks are highest in the Semi-Deciduous agro-ecological zone (43.5 Mg C ha(-1)) and lowest in the Guinea Savannah agro-ecological zone (0.05 Mg C ha(-1) About 5.4 Tg of SOC stocks is stored in the top 0-30 cm of the soils in Ghana. This preliminary work at a spatial resolution of 30 arc-seconds (similar to 1 km) has been accomplished within the framework and guidelines of the Global Soil Partnership (GSP). To our knowledge, this is the first time ever in Ghana that a soil property map has been produced along with its uncertainties. Thus, this study represents a significant first step towards revolutionizing future soil property mapping in Ghana. Even though there remains the need to improve on the quality and spatial resolution, the SOC stocks map presented herein is a satisfactory first step to guide future research on soil organic carbon management at both national and global scales.