期刊
FUEL
卷 257, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116010
关键词
Butyl levulinate; Ion-exchange resins; Furfuryl alcohol; 1-Butanol; Biofuel
资金
- Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain [CTQ2014-56618-R]
The esterification of furfuryl alcohol with 1-butanol was successfully tested at low initial butanol/furfuryl alcohol molar ratio values (4 and 8) in the temperature range 80-110 degrees C over different ion-exchange resins. The polymerization reaction of furfuryl alcohol also occurs, being more affected by the initial 1-butanol to furfuryl alcohol molar ratio than temperature under the conditions tested. The accessibility to acid centers conditioned the activity of ion-exchange resins. While for gel-type resins this can be related to the specific volume of the swollen polymer, for macroreticular resins there is a compromise between permanent porosity (for stiff resins) and the existence of a very flexible gel-phase zone for low crosslinked macroreticular resins. The maximum yield to butyl levulinate obtained was 63% at 110 degrees C and a molar butanol/furfuryl alcohol ratio of 8 on the macroreticular resin Amberlyst 39.
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