Evaluation of the activity of the antifungal PgAFP protein and its producer mould against Penicillium spp postharvest pathogens of citrus and pome fruits

Postharvest fungal diseases are among the main causes of fresh fruit losses. Chemical control is against claims for natural or chemical-free products. Biocontrol agents, such as antifungal proteins or their producing moulds, may serve to combat unwanted pathogens. Since the effectiveness of these bioprotective agents depends on the food substrate, their effect must be tested on fruits. The objective of this work was to study the effect of the antifungal protein PgAFP and its producer, Penicillium chrysogenum, against Penicillium expansum and Penicillium digitatum growth on apple and oranges respectively, and the PgAFP effect on eleven P. expansum, Penicillium italicum, and P. digitatum strains in vitro, and on patulin production on apple substrate. The sensitivity upon PgAFP was P. digitatum > P. expansum > P. italicum. In oranges, broadly, no inhibitory effect was obtained. PgAFP and P. chrysogenum did not inhibit the P. expansum CMP-1 growth on Golden Delicious apples, however, a successful effect was achieved on Royal Gala apples. On apple substrate, patulin production by P. expansum CMP-1 rose in parallel to PgAFP concentrations, linked with high reactive oxygen species levels. PgAFP cannot be proposed as a bioprotective agent on apple. However, P. chrysogenum is a promising agent to be used on Royal Gala apples.