Organochlorine pesticides in the surrounding soils of POPs destruction facility: source fingerprinting, human health, and ecological risks assessment

The elimination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) obsolete pesticides stockpiles, particularly the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), is one of the critical environmental issues faced by many developing countries. This pioneering study aimed to investigate the occurrence, source fingerprinting, human health, and ecological risks of OCPs in the surroundings of the lone POPs pesticide destruction facility in Pakistan. The sigma OCPs residual levels in soil ranged from 35.98 to 566.77 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean concentration of 174.42 + 111.62 ng/g (dw). The OCPs contamination levels in the soil followed the pattern as sigma HCHs > sigma endrins > sigma endosulfans > dieldrin > sigma heptachlors > sigma DDTs > sigma chlordanes > methoxychlor. The sigma HCHs residual concentrations were comparatively higher than the previous national and global soil studies. The recent accumulation of HCHs, DDTs, and heptachlor was observed in the study area as identified by beta-HCH/ n-ary sumation HCHs, (DDE + DDD)/sigma DDTs, heptachlor/sigma heptachlor, and heptachlor exo-epoxide/heptachlor ratios. The OCPs' lifetime carcinogenic risk through ingestion, dermal, and inhalation exposure routes ranged from 1.65E-08 to 2.91E-07, whereas the noncarcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) ranged from 9.12E-05 to 1.61E-03. The risk vulnerability among age groups was in the order: adult > toddler > child > teen > infant. The calculated risk levels were within an acceptable limit of one in a million (1 x 10(-6)) for carcinogenic risk and HQ < 1 for noncarcinogenic risk. The current OCPs residual levels, especially dieldrin and endrin, exhibited low to medium ecological risks when compared to various worldwide limits. The upsurge of the OCPs' environmental contamination levels over the years and consideration of the food chain transfer might amplify the human health and ecological risks intensities.