Sulfate Radical Scavenging by Mineral Surfaces in Persulfate-Driven Oxidation Systems: Reaction Rate Constants and Implications

Activated persulfate (PS) is a common method used to generate sulfate radicals (SO4 center dot-), a powerful oxidant capable of degrading a broad array of environmental contaminants. The reaction of SO(4)(center dot- )with nontarget species (i.e., scavenging) contributes significantly to treatment inefficiency. Radical scavenging in this manner has been quantified for nontarget chemical species in the aqueous phase but has never been quantified for solid phase media. Kinetic analysis and laboratory methods were developed to quantify the SO4 center dot- scavenging rate constant (k( S)) for alumina, a naturally occurring mineral in soil and aquifer materials. SO4 center dot- were generated in UV and thermally activated persulfate (UV-APS, T-APS) batch systems, and the loss of rhodamine B (RhB) served as an indicator of SO4 center dot- activity. k( S) for alumina was 2.42 x 10(4) and 2.03 X 10(4) m(-2) s(-1) for UV-APS and T-APS oxidative treatment systems, respectively. At [alumina] >5 g L-1, the reaction of SO4 center dot- with solid phase media increased over the aqueous phase reactions with RhB and aqueous scavengers. SO4 center dot- scavenging by solid surfaces was orders of magnitude greater than the reaction with the target compound and scavengers in the aqueous phase, underscoring the significant role of solid surfaces scavenging SO4 center dot-.