Identification of chloramphenicol in human hair leading to a diagnosis of factitious disorder

Introduction: Chloramphenicol (2,2-dichloro-N-[1,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-nitrophenyl)porpan-2-yl]acetamide) is a bacteriostatic antibiotic of the phenicolated family, used in the past to treat meningitis, plague, cholera, or typhoid fever. Treatment with chloramphenicol can have life threatening side effects, the most serious of which is aplastic anemia, which may be fatal. For this reason, the antibiotic was removed from the French market in 2008. Case report: In this paper, the authors report the case of a woman consuming chloramphenicol possibly in the context of factitious disorder. After a capsule containing chloramphenicol was discovered in her hospital bed, a hair specimen (about 16 cm, brown, not oriented) was collected and sent to the toxicological laboratory in order to document exposure to chloramphenicol. Results: The drug was identified in the hair specimen of the subject at 13.7 ng/mg. Discussion: Identification of chloramphenicol in hair has not been reported in the literature. As consequence, the interpretation of the concentration, the dosage and the frequency of abuse are difficult to establish. Conclusion: Given the context, physicians considered the case as a possible factitious disorder, thus being a unique observation of using chloramphenicol in such a context.