Seasonal and spatial variability of secondary inorganic aerosols in PM2.5 at Agra: Source apportionment through receptor models

The present study was conducted at sub-urban and rural site of Agra. The main aim of this study was to characterize WSII in terms of spatial, seasonal and formation characteristics and identify the major sources responsible for the pollution of WSII in PM2.5 particles using different source apportionment models. Since biomass burning is one of the most important sources of PM2.5 pollution in Agra, a case study was also conducted at rural site to investigate the contribution of biomass burning from cooking activities using different types of fuels. PM2.5 mass concentrations were higher at sub-urban site (91.0 +/- 50.8 mu g/m(3)) than at rural site (77.1 +/- 48.6 mu g/m(3)). WSII contributed 50.0% and 45.8% of annual average PM2.5 mass at both sites. The aerosols were ammonium rich and were therefore alkaline in nature. Aerosol acidity characteristics studied using AIM-II model showed that the aerosols were slightly less acidic at rural site than at sub-urban site. SO42-, NO3- and NH4+ were the major contributors of WSII and their formation was favoured mainly in winter. Although, WSII showed slight variations in seasonal and spatial characteristics, the major sources of pollution were found to be similar. Four sources were identified as biomass burning (29.1% and 27.4%), secondary aerosols (26.2% and 22.5%), coal combustion (22.3% and 26.9%) and soil dust (22.4% and 23.1%) at sub-urban and rural sites. The results of case study showed that among different types of biomass fuels cow dung cakes showed maximum PM2.5 emissions while LPG showed minimum PM2.5 emissions. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.