期刊
CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS
卷 229, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115555
关键词
Macrophages; Hydrogel; 3D culture; beta-Glucan; Schizophyllan
资金
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning [NRF-2015R1C1A1A02036639, NRF-2018R1D1A1B07040361]
The water-soluble beta-glucan schizophyllan has diverse immunomodulatory activities. However, its biological activities have only been explored using cells grown in two-dimensional (2D) culture condition, which does not replicate the three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment of actual tissue, resulting in mismatches between in vitro and in vivo findings. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of ultrasonicated schizophyllan (uSPG) on RAW264.7 cells encapsulated in 3D poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel. Cells grown in 3D were less sensitive to uSPG than those grown in 2D, although uSPG upregulated M1 macrophage phenotype markers in both conditions. This might be due to the low availability of uSPG recognition receptors of cells grown in 3D. Conversely, uSPG promoted gene expressions of M2 macrophage phenotype markers in 3D, suggesting uSPG-induced immune-regulation of macrophages in real tissues. These findings imply that the immunomodulatory effects of uSPG on macrophages should be carefully interpreted in terms of the microenvironment.
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