期刊
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
卷 636, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
EDP SCIENCES S A
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201937175
关键词
planets and satellites: atmospheres; planets and satellites: individual: HD 209458 b; planets and satellites: gaseous planets
资金
- State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa [SEV-2017-0709]
- German Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG)
- Spanish Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)
- European Union through FEDER/ERF [FICTS-2011-02]
- CARMENES Consortium
- Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie
- Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia
- Landessternwarte Konigstuhl
- Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai
- Insitut fur Astrophysik Gottingen
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg
- Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias
- Hamburger Sternwarte
- Centro de Astrobiologia and Centro Astronomico Hispano-Aleman)
- Spanish Ministry of Economy
- German Science Foundation
- DFG [FOR2544]
- Klaus Tschira Stiftung
- states of Baden-Wurttemberg and Niedersachsen
- Junta de Andalucia
- Agencia Estatal de Investigacion of the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades [ESP2016-76076-R, ESP2017-87143-R, BES-2015-074542, BES-2015-073500, PGC2018-098153-B-C31, AYA2016-79425-C3-1/2/3-P]
Context. HD 209458 b is an exoplanet with an upper atmosphere undergoing blow-off escape that has mainly been studied using measurements of the Ly alpha absorption. Recently, high-resolution measurements of absorption in the HeI triplet line at 10 830 angstrom of several exoplanets (including HD 209458 b) have been reported, creating a new opportunity to probe escaping atmospheres.Aims. We aim to better understand the atmospheric regions of HD 209458 b from where the escape originates.Methods. We developed a 1D hydrodynamic model with spherical symmetry for the HD 209458 b thermosphere coupled with a non-local thermodynamic model for the population of the HeI triplet state. In addition, we performed high-resolution radiative transfer calculations of synthetic spectra for the helium triplet lines and compared them with the measured absorption spectrum in order to retrieve information about the atmospheric parameters.Results. We find that the measured spectrum constrains the [H]/[H+] transition altitude occurring in the range of 1.2 R-P-1.9 R-P. Hydrogen is almost fully ionised at altitudes above 2.9 R-P. We also find that the X-ray and extreme ultraviolet absorption takes place at effective radii from 1.16 to 1.30 R-P, and that the HeI triplet peak density occurs at altitudes from 1.04 to 1.60 R-P. Additionally, the averaged mean molecular weight is confined to the 0.61-0.73 g mole(-1) interval, and the thermospheric H/He ratio should be larger than 90/10, and most likely approximately 98/2. We also provide a one-to-one relationship between mass-loss rate and temperature. Based on the energy-limited escape approach and assuming heating efficiencies of 0.1-0.2, we find a mass-loss rate in the range of (0.42-1.00) x10(11) g s(-1) and a corresponding temperature range of 7125-8125 K.Conclusions. The analysis of the measured HeI triplet absorption spectrum significantly constrains the thermospheric structure of HD 209458 b and advances our knowledge of its escaping atmosphere.
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