Beyond beaconing: Emerging applications and challenges of BLE

As an emerging technology with exceptional low energy consumption and low-latency data transmissions, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) has gained significant momentum in various application domains, such as Indoor Positioning, Home Automation, and Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) communications. With various novel protocol stack features, BLE is finding use on resource-constrained sensor nodes as well as more powerful gateway devices. Particularly proximity detection using BLE beacons has been a popular usage scenario ever since the release of Bluetooth 4.0, primarily due to the beacons' energy efficiency and ease of deployment. However, with the rapid rise of the Internet of Things (loT), BLE is likely to be a significant component in many other applications with widely varying performance and Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements and there is a need for a consolidated view of the role that BLE will play in applications beyond beaconing. This paper comprehensively surveys state-of-the-art applications built with BLE, obstacles to adoption of BLE in new application areas, and current solutions from academia and industry that further expand the capabilities of BLE. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.