Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): An advanced molecular point-of-care technique for the detection of Leishmania infection

Leishmaniasis, caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus, represents an important health problem in many regions of the world. Lack of effective point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests applicable in resources-limited endemic areas is a critical barrier to effective treatment and control of leishmaniasis. The development of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay has provided a new tool towards the development of a POC diagnostic test based on the amplification of pathogen DNA. LAMP does not require a thermocycler, is relatively inexpensive, and is simple to perform with high amplification sensitivity and specificity. In this review, we discuss the current technical developments, applications, diagnostic performance, challenges, and future of LAMP for molecular diagnosis and surveillance of Leishmania parasites. Studies employing the LAMP assay to diagnose human leishmaniasis have reported sensitivities of 80% to 100% and specificities of 94% to 100%. These observations suggest that LAMP offers a good molecular POC technique for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis and is also readily applicable to screening at-risk populations and vector sand flies for Leishmania infection in endemic areas. Author summary Developing sensitive point-of-care diagnostic tests is vital for enhancing Leishmania-infection control programs and treatment. This review provides information on the development of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) diagnostic test and highlights recent advances in the field of molecular diagnosis of leishmaniasis and the needs for future research. Furthermore, we elaborate of the future potential of LAMP as a rapid point-of-care (in-clinic and in the field) test for diagnosis and entomological monitoring of Leishmania infection, including evaluation of control programs in Leishmania-endemic areas.