Emissions and source allocation of carbonaceous air pollutants from wood stoves in developed countries: A review

In recent years, residential wood combustion (RWC) has become a major source of ambient particulate matter (PM) in many developed countries, and in some of these countries even the largest source of primary particle emissions. While other sources of PM have been regulated intensively during the past decades, RWC has been subject to only minor regulation despite of its impact on climate and health. This review covers recent research publications on RWC contributions to ambient PM in different regions of Europe, North America and Australasia, and on key species associated with RWC. Furthermore, factors governing emissions from wood stoves (as the typical appliance used in residential heating) are evaluated. State-of-the-art methods for estimating RWC as a source of ambient PM are discussed. We conclude by highlighting important areas for future research and policies.