Hydrogen production by the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima part I: effects of sulfured nutriments, with thiosulfate as model, on hydrogen production and growth

Background: Thermotoga maritima and T. neapolitana are hyperthermophile bacteria chosen by many research teams to produce bio-hydrogen because of their potential to ferment a wide variety of sugars with the highest theoretical H-2/glucose yields. However, to develop economically sustainable bio-processes, the culture medium formulation remained to be optimized. The main aim of this study was to quantify accurately and specifically the effect of thiosulfate, used as sulfured nutriment model, on T. maritima growth, yields and productivities of hydrogen. The results were obtained from batch cultures, performed into a bioreactor, carefully controlled, and specifically designed to prevent the back-inhibition by hydrogen. Results: Among sulfured nutriments tested, thiosulfate, cysteine, and sulfide were found to be the most efficient to stimulate T. maritima growth and hydrogen production. In particular, under our experimental conditions (glucose 60 mmol L-1 and yeast extract 1 g L-1), the cellular growth was limited by thiosulfate concentrations lower than 0.06 mmol L-1. Under these conditions, the cellular yield on thiosulfate (Y X/Thio) could be determined at 3617 mg mmol(-1). In addition, it has been shown that the limitations of T. maritima growth by thiosulfate lead to metabolic stress marked by a significant metabolic shift of glucose towards the production of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). Finally, it has been estimated that the presence of thiosulfate in the T. maritima culture medium significantly increased the cellular and hydrogen productivities by a factor 6 without detectable sulfide production. Conclusions: The stimulant effects of thiosulfate at very low concentrations on T. maritima growth have forced us to reconsider its role in this species and more probably also in all thiosulfato-reducer hyperthermophiles. Henceforth, thiosulfate should be considered in T. maritima as (1) an essential sulfur source for cellular materials when it is present at low concentrations (about 0.3 mmol g(-1) of cells), and (2) as both sulfur source and detoxifying agent for H-2 when thiosulfate is present at higher concentrations and, when, simultaneously, the pH(2) is high. Finally, to improve the hydrogen production in bio-processes using Thermotoga species, it should be recommended to incorporate thiosulfate in the culture medium.