Infection and behavior manipulation of social wasps (Vespidae: Polistinae) by Ophiocordyceps humbertii in Neotropical forests: new records of wasp-zombification by a fungus

Ophiocordyceps is a genus comprised by entomopathogenic fungi known to infect ten orders of insects, including Hymenoptera. Amongst the nearly 250 species described in the genus, few are known to manipulate their hosts, which are most notably ants. These species cause their hosts to die in an exposed position high above the ground while grabbing and/or biting the abaxial surface of leaves or branches, which in turn optimizes the fungus spore production and dispersal. Herein, we report on 14 social wasp species belonging to four genera (Agelaia, Mischocyttarus Polybia, and Pseudopolybia) infected by Ophiocordyceps humbertii, a common wasp pathogen. This study broadens the geographic and host range for O. humbertii and provides the first record of its ability to manipulate its host.