Relevance of a near infrared spectral index for assessing tillage and fertilization effects on soil water retention

Agricultural practices are expected to have significant effects on soil physical properties, such as soil structure and soil water retention (SWR) properties are among the relevant properties that can be used to assess these effects. Ex-situ measurements are costly and time-consuming. Visible (vis) and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been widely used as a rapid, cost-effective and nondestructive technique to predict many soil properties, including soil water content (SWC). In this study, we explored the ability of vis-NIR to assess the effects of soil tillage and fertilization on SWR. The study was performed on silty soil samples with 10.4 g kg(-1) of organic carbon content and a pH of 5-6.5. Undisturbed soil blocks were collected from an experimental station located in Brittany, France. In 2012, the field was designed as two separate experiments, each with a different tillage system (conventional tillage (CT) and shallow tillage (ST)). For each experiment, two fertilizer types were considered (mineral and organic). Six undisturbed soil blocks were sampled at each of two depths (0-15 cm and 15-25 cm) and from each agricultural practice. Soil was sampled on two dates: before starting the treatment (2012) and after 5 years of agricultural practices (2017). From each soil block, four aggregates 3-4 cm wide and 5-6 cm long were collected. The whole aggregates were set at a number of matric potentials, from saturation to the permanent wilting point (pF = 4.2). At a given pressure head, soil samples were scanned in triplicate to acquire reflectance spectra from 400 to 2500 rim using a handheld spectrometer (ASD Fieldspeca (R)). We focused on the absorption band near 1920 nm and used a new NIR spectral index based on the band's full width at half maximum, called SWSI. Our results showed a linear relation between SWSI and SWC (R-2 > 0.99). Moreover, the slope and intercept of this linear relation were significantly correlated with water holding capacity (WHC) and soil quality. Using these parameters, we found that SWR and soil physical quality under CT were significantly greater under cattle manure (CTC) than under mineral fertilizer (CTM) or at TO. This significant effect was more pronounced at 15-25 cm. In ST treatments, SWR properties and soil quality were significantly lower than at TO. More importantly, our results show that the slope and intercept of the linear relation offer a way to summarize and assess the effects of agricultural practices on SWR properties and soil structural quality.