Benchmarking recent advances and innovative technology approaches of Fenton, photo-Fenton, electro-Fenton, and related processes: A review on the relevance of phenol as model molecule

Water contamination with persistent organic pollutants is one of the great engineering challenges of this century. Development of technologies to completely remove these compounds from water sources to avoid human and environmental health risks is a hot topic of research and a societal need in the sustainable development goals. Fenton-based technologies are advanced oxidation processes showing very promising results on water pollution control. This critical review provides a benchmark framework of understanding on the state of the art of Fenton, photo-Fenton, electro-Fenton and related technologies and their recent advances based on the oxidation of phenol as model compound. Fundamental principles and oxidation mechanisms to understand niche application and competitiveness of these technologies are thoroughly described. Especial emphasis is given to recent breakthroughs to overcome technology implementation barriers such as the narrow pH conditions. This review points out the utility of phenol as reference to evaluate impact of cutting edge advances.