期刊
RENEWABLE ENERGY
卷 142, 期 -, 页码 658-667出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.04.118
关键词
Biodiesel; Esterification; Glycerol; Sulfonated carbon
资金
- Ministry of Education of Malaysia
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- Catalysis Science and Technology Research Centre (PutraCat)
- Universiti Putra Malaysia, under Putra Grant IPB [94904010]
Cost efficient and environmental friendly carbon derived glycerol (CG) was prepared by insitu carbonication and sulfonation process. The synthesized CG was sulfonated with H2SO4 for 10 h denoted as SCG-((10)) catalyst. The physico-chemical properties of the prepared catalyst were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), temperature programmed desorption-ammonia (TPD-NH3), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area, variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VPSEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and CHNSO elemental analysis. The specific surface area and total acidity were increased significantly after being sulfonated at different time of reflux; whereas, the SCG-((10)) catalyst showed the highest total amount of acidity (35117.14 mu mol/g). Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was successfully obtained high fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with yield 97.8% at optimum parameter of 18:1 methanol to PFAD molar ratio, 5 wt% catalyst loading and 90 degrees C reaction temperature within 1 h. The catalyst was successfully reused for 7 cycles and it was found that the catalytic activity maintained with >96% of FAME yield for the first three run. The regenerated SCG-((10)) catalyst has been used for another four consecutive of reusability run indicates the viability of utilizing carbon catalyst derived glycerol for biodiesel production. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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