Contemporary and future direction of chromium tanning and management in sub Saharan Africa tanneries

In sub-Saharan Africa, chromium tanning during leather processing constitute one of the significant sources of large amounts of hazardous solid and liquid waste. The release of chromium with high poisonous quality and portability still remains a big concern for any ecosystems. Poor or improper management of chromium-rich wastes can result in irreversible damage to the environment and constitute a public health hazard. With an increased public concern, strict legislative control and ecological awareness, there is increased interest in eco-friendly technologies to minimize the production and management of chromium wastes from leather industries. In line with these emerging paradigms of environmental responsibility and sustainable development, the focus of this review is to explore contemporary sustainable alternative tanning techniques available globally that can be applied to partially and/or completely replace traditional chromium tanning commonly used in sub Saharan Africa. In detail, this paper critically highlights on the emerging body of knowledge and research on chromium minimization, recycling and/or re-use of chromium waste in the context of applicability and legislative framework to make tanneries in sub Saharan African countries be eco-friendly and competitive in global leather market. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Institution of Chemical Engineers.