Factors influencing subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Although the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is known to be related to subclinical atherosclerosis, the relationship between the severity of NAFLD and subclinical atherosclerosis is not clear. This study aimed to clarify the factors related to subclinical arteriosclerosis, including the histopathological severity of the disease and PNPLA3 gene polymorphisms, in NAFLD patients. We measured brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) as an index of arterial stiffness in 153 biopsy-proven NAFLD patients. The baPWV values were significantly higher in the advanced fibrosis group than in the less advanced group (median, 1679 cm/s vs 1489 cm/s; p = 5.49x10(-4)). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that older age (>= 55 years) (p = 8.57x10(-3); OR = 3.03), hypertension (p = 1.05x10(-3); OR = 3.46), and advanced fibrosis (p = 9.22x10(-3); OR = 2.94) were independently linked to baPWV >= 1600 cm/s. NAFLD patients were categorized into low-risk group (number of risk factors = 0), intermediate-risk group (= 1), and high-risk group (>= 2) based on their risk factors, including older age, hypertension, and biopsy-confirmed advanced fibrosis. The prevalence of baPWV >= 1600 cm/s was 7.1% (3/42) in the low-risk group, 30.8% (12/39) in the intermediate-risk group, and 63.9% (46/72) in the high-risk group. Noninvasive liver fibrosis markers and scores, including the FIB-4 index, NAFLD fibrosis score, hyaluronic acid, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac-2-binding protein, and type IV collagen 7s, were feasible substitutes for invasive liver biopsy. Older age, hypertension, and advanced fibrosis are independently related to arterial stiffness, and a combination of these three factors may predict risk of arteriosclerosis in NAFLD patients.