Gelatin and Antioxidant Peptides from Gelatin Hydrolysate of Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) Scales: Preparation, Identification and Activity Evaluation

For full use of fish by-products, scale gelatin (TG) and antioxidant peptides (APs) of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) were prepared, and their properties were characterized using an amino acid analyzer, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electrospray ionization mass spectrometers (ESI-MS), and radical scavenging assays. The results indicate that TG with a yield of 3.46 +/- 0.27% contained Gly (327.9 +/- 5.2 residues/1000 residues) as the major amino acid and its imino acid content was 196.1 residues/1000 residues. The structure of TG was more unstable than that of type I collagen from scales of skipjack tuna (TC) and TG was more suitable for preparation of hydrolysate by protease than mammalian gelatins. Therefore, TG was separately hydrolyzed under five proteases (pepsin, papain, trypsin, neutrase, and alcalase) and ten APs (TGP1-TGP10) were isolated from the alcalase-hydrolysate. Among them, TGP5, TGP7, and TGP9 with high antioxidant activity were identified as His-Gly-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Glu (TGP5), Asp-Gly-Pro-Lys-Gly-His (TGP7) and Met-Leu-Gly-Pro-Phe-Gly-Pro-Ser (TGP9), respectively. Furthermore, TGP5, TGP7, and TGP9 exhibited a high radical scavenging capability on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical (EC50 values of 1.34, 0.54, and 0.67 mg/mL, respectively), hydroxyl radical (EC50 values of 1.03, 0.41, and 0.74 mg/mL, respectively), and superoxide anion radical (EC50 values of 1.19, 0.71, and 1.59 mg/mL, respectively). These results suggest that three APs (TGP5, TGP7, and TGP9), especially TGP7, have a strong antioxidant activity and could act as potential antioxidant ingredients applied in functional products.