期刊
JOURNAL OF HEREDITY
卷 110, 期 7, 页码 801-817出版社
OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC
DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esz051
关键词
Antarctic Circumpolar Current; conservation genetics; migration; Southern Ocean; speciation; subtropical front
资金
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences at the National Institutes of Health [P20GM103434]
- National Science Foundation [DBI-0821703]
- New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment [C01X0905]
- New Zealand Department of Conservation, Southland Conservancy
- New Island Conservation Trust
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Germany [Qu148/1]
- Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica [PICT 2014 NRO.1870]
- Research Fund-Flanders FWO
- Institut Polaire Francais Paul Emile Victor (IPEV programme) [109]
- Terres Australes et Antarctiques Francaises
- Tristan da Cunha government
- Tristan da Cunha Conservation Department
- South African National Research Foundation
- BirdLife South Africa
- Feather Link, Inc.
- Angel Fund
- African Safari Wildlife Park
- Wildlife Conservation Society
- New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment (MBIE) [C01X0905] Funding Source: New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment (MBIE)
Rockhopper penguins are delimited as 2 species, the northern rockhopper (Eudyptes moseleyi) and the southern rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome), with the latter comprising 2 subspecies, the western rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) and the eastern rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome filholi). We conducted a phylogeographic study using multilocus data from 114 individuals sampled across 12 colonies from the entire range of the northern/southern rockhopper complex to assess potential population structure, gene flow, and species limits. Bayesian and likelihood methods with nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, including model testing and heuristic approaches, support E. moseleyi and E. chrysocome as distinct species lineages with a divergence time of 0.97 Ma. However, these analyses also indicated the presence of gene flow between these species. Among southern rockhopper subspecies, we found evidence of significant gene flow and heuristic approaches to species delimitation based on the genealogical diversity index failed to delimit them as species. The best-supported population models for the southern rockhoppers were those where E. c. chrysocome and E. c. filholi were combined into a single lineage or 2 lineages with bidirectional gene flow. Additionally, we found that E. c. filholi has the highest effective population size while E. c. chrysocome showed similar effective population size to that of the endangered E. moseleyi. We suggest that the current taxonomic definitions within rockhopper penguins be upheld and that E. chrysocome populations, all found south of the subtropical front, should be treated as a single taxon with distinct management units for E. c. chrysocome and E. c. filholi.
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