期刊
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
卷 390, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121532
关键词
Solid acid catalyst; Biodiesel; Oil palm empty fruit bunch; 4-benzenediazonium sulfonate; Palm fatty acid distillate
资金
- Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Education, Malaysia [FRGS/1/2018/TK10/UTAR/02/1]
- Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Research Fund (UTARRF), Malaysia [UTARRF/2018/6200/P34]
In this research, biomass from oil palm empty fruit bunch was used as the carbon precursor and sulfonated by 4-benzenediazonium sulfonate (4-BDS) to produce solid acid catalyst. The as-synthesized catalysts were characterized and the performances were tested in esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) for biodiesel production. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that clear porous and rough carbon surface was successfully developed after calcination which favored the attachment of sulfonic groups. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) result showed that the catalyst was thermally stable up to 600 degrees C. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) proved that S=O and S-O3H sulfonic groups were successfully attached to the carbon catalyst. From the catalytic activity tests, the results showed that the catalyst which was calcined at 200 degrees C and sulfonated with 15:1 sulfanilic acid to AC ratio was the optimum catalyst as it provided the highest biodiesel yield. Further investigation showed that the reaction time of 7 h and 20 wt.% of catalyst loading were reported as optimum esterification conditions which provided the highest biodiesel yield at 98.1 %.
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