Gamma radiation preparation of chitosan nanoparticles for controlled delivery of memantine

The purpose of the current study is to prepare chitosan nanoparticles by gamma radiation as a new brain delivery system for memantine to improve its therapeutic efficiency. Fourier-transform infrared analysis of chitosan nanoparticles showed the characteristic peaks of chitosan and the reduction of particle size induced by irradiation at doses 10, 20 and 30 kGy. The solubility of chitosan nanoparticles was tested using different solvents and exhibited good solubility in both water and 1% acetic acid than other tested solvents at 80 degrees C. Different formulations containing memantine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were evaluated for brain targeting on aluminum-induced Alzheimer's disease in rats. Memory deficit was evaluated using the Morris water maze test. The levels of amyloid-beta peptide, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 in brain tissues as well as the serum level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor were assayed. Data demonstrated that memantine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles 1:1 transported memantine effectively into the brain compared to free memantine as evidenced by better behaviour performance and biochemical amelioration and confirmed by histopathological examination in Alzheimer's disease rats. Interestingly, the therapeutic effect of memantine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles 1:1 was superior to memantine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles 1:2 and memantine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles 2:1. Based on these findings, it is reasonable to suggest that memantine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles 1:1 could be a promising approach for Alzheimer's disease.