Particulate matter of 2.5 μm or less in diameter disturbs the balance of TH 17/regulatory T cells by targeting glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1∝ in an asthma model

Background: Epidemiologic evidence suggests that exposure to particulate matter of 2.5 mu m or less in diameter (PM2.5) aggravates asthma. Objective: We sought to investigate the underlying mechanisms between PM2.5 exposure and asthma severity. Methods: The relationship between PM2.5 exposure and asthma severity was investigated in an asthma model with CD4(+ )T cell- specific aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-null mice. Effects of PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on differentiation of T(H)17/regulatory T (Treg) cells were investigated by using flow cytometry and quantitative RT-PCR. Mechanisms were investigated by using mRNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation, bisulfite sequencing, and glycolysis rates. Results: PM2.5 impaired differentiation of Treg cells, promoted differentiation of T(H)17 cells, and aggravated asthma in an AhRdependent manner. PM2.5 and one of its prominent PAHs, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IP), promoted differentiation of T(H)17 cells by upregulating hypoxia-inducible factor 1 proportional to expression and enhancing glycolysis through AhRs. Exposure to PM2.5 and IP enhanced glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 (Got1) expression through AhRs and accumulation of 2-hydroxyglutarate, which inhibited ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 activity, resulting in hypermethylation in the forkhead box P3 locus and impaired differentiation of Treg cells. A GOT1 inhibitor, (aminooxy)acetic acid, ameliorated asthma by shifting differentiation of T(H)17 cells to Treg cells. Similar regulatory effects of exposure to PM2.5 or IP on T(H)17/Treg cell imbalance were noted in human T cells, and in a case-control design PAH exposure appeared to be a potential risk factor for asthma. Conclusions: The AhR-hypoxia-inducible factor 1 proportional to and AhRGOT1 molecular pathways mediate pulmonary responses on exposure to PM2.5 through their ability to disturb the balance of T(H)17/Treg cells.