Predicted Northward Expansion of the Geographic Range of the Tick Vector Amblyomma americanum in North America under Future Climate Conditions

BACKGROUND: The geographic range of the tick Amblyomma americanum, a vector of diseases of public health significance such as ehrlichiosis, has expanded from the southeast of the United States northward during the 20th century. Recently, populations of this tick have been reported to be present close to the Canadian border in Michigan and New York states, hut established populations are not known in Canada. Previous research suggests that changing temperature patterns with climate change may influence lick life cycles and pen-nit northward range expansion of ticks in the northern hemisphere. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to estimate minimal temperature conditions for survival of A. americanum populations at the northern edge of the tick's range and to investigate the possibility of range expansion of A. americanum into northern U.S. states and southern Canada in the coming decades. METHODS: A simulation model of the tick A. americanum was used, via simulations using climate data from meteorological stations in the United States and Canada, to estimate minimal temperature conditions for survival of A. americanum populations at the northern edge of the tick's range. RESULTS: The predicted geographic scope of temperature suitability [>= 3,285 annual cumulative degree days (DD) > 0 degrees C] included most of the central and eastern U.S. states cast of longitude 110 degrees W, which is consistent with current surveillance data for the presence of the tick in this region, as well as parts of southern Quebec and Ontario in Canada. Regional climate model output raises the possibility of northward range expansion into all provinces of Canada from Alberta to Newfoundland and Labrador during the coming decades, with the greatest northward range expansion (up to 1,000 km by the year 2100) occurring under the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5. Predicted northward range expansion was reduced by approximately half under the reduced GHG emissions of RCP4.5. DISCUSSION: Our results raise the possibility of range expansion of A. americanum into northern U.S. states and southern Canada in the coming decades, and conclude that surveillance for this tick, and the diseases it transmits, would be prudent.