Enzymatic fuel cells in a microfluidic environment: Status and opportunities. A mini review

Miniaturized Enzymatic Fuel Cells (EFCs) have attracted great attention due to the possibility of integrating them with various low-powered microelectronic devices. In a flow-through system, harnessing the co-laminar property of microfluidics, membraneless microfluidic EFCs (M-MEFC) can be designed, enhancing the ease of use of bio-devices and offering opportunities for new concepts. This brief review encompasses the development, current challenges and future pathways in the field of M-MEFCs, focusing in particular on some fabrication aspects and related device performance.