How does El Nino-Southern Oscillation affect winter fog frequency over eastern China?

The winter fog frequency over eastern China displays remarkable interannual variability, which has a linear relationship with El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Eastern China usually experiences more (less) frequent fog during El Nino (La Nina) winters. During El Nino winters, an anomalous anticyclone tends to appear over the western North Pacific (WNP), which can weaken the climatological winter northerly winds and enhance water vapor supply from oceans, conducive to the formation of foggy weather. Roughly opposite anomalies of fog frequency are displayed during La Nina winters. However, this linear relationship is mainly contributed by the La Nina and partial El Nino events, since the El Nino events exhibit diversity in impacts on the winter fog frequency due to their different types. Increased winter fog frequency can be significantly detected during eastern-Pacific (EP) El Nino, while this signal is not observed during central-Pacific (CP) El Nino. It is found that the winter fog frequency during the CP El Nino seems to be dependent on its zonal locations, associated with different WNP atmospheric circulation and local difference between air temperature and dew point temperature (T - T-d) anomalies. The further eastward CP El Nino largely coincides with more frequent fog weather similar to the EP El Nino, while the further westward CP El Nino is usually accompanied with less frequent fog weather. This relationship has important implications for seasonal prediction of winter fog frequency and places a high requirement on consideration of zonal location of the CP El Nino.