Green extraction technologies for high-value metabolites from algae: a review

Cultivation of algae (micro and macro) can be used to produce several high- value metabolites to supply industries as cosmetics, additives, and pigments, among others. Those metabolites can have physiological and nutritional benefits for human and animal health. However, the availability of high-value metabolites from algae is still unaffordable due to traditional extraction techniques and their requirements of energy and use of pollutant solvents. Recently, green extraction technologies for the extraction of high-value metabolites have become more desirable due to their sustainability and environmental benefits. However, the information about green extraction metabolites from algae is limited. Therefore, this review highlights the main green extraction technologies - supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) - and their optimal parameters for the extraction of high-value metabolites from algae. First, general information is given regarding high- value metabolites from algae. Then, the review summarizes the principles, processes, advantages, and disadvantages of each technology. Finally, it presents recommendations and concluding remarks to select the best extraction technology. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd