Black yet green: Sulfonic acid functionalized carbon as an efficent catalyst for highly selective isomerization of α-pinene oxide to trans-carveol

In this study, an inexpensive, high yielding, and environmentally benign bifunctional acid-base catalyst is prepared using a simple low-temperature hydrothermal carbonization method from a fishery bio-waste, chitosan as a carbon source and sulfuric acid, as -SO3H source. The successful formation of -SO3H group grafted carbon was confirmed by various physiochemical characterization methods such as powder XRD, FTIR, RAMAN, FESEM, EDAX, HRTEM, and XPS. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the bio-derived sulfonated hydrothermal carbon catalyst showed excellent performance for the isomerization of alpha-pinene oxide to trans-carveol (85% yield) at 160 degrees C in 1.5 h. The product selectivity was influenced mainly by the type of solvent used for the isomerization. No leaching of the sulfonated groups was observed even after five cycles without any significant loss in conversion and selectivity.