Beneficial effects of PGC-1α in the substantia nigra of a mouse model of MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity

Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are closely associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha) is thought to play multiple roles in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular energy metabolism. We recently reported that altering PGC-1 alpha gene expression modulates mitochondrial functions in N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) treated human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, possibly via the regulation of Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERR alpha), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1), nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NRF-2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) expression. In the present study, we aimed to further investigate the potential beneficial effects of PGC-1 alpha in the substantia nigra of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treated C57BL mice. Methods: The overexpression or knockdown of the PGC-1 alpha gene in the mouse model of dopaminergic neurotoxicity was performed using a stereotactic injection of lentivirus in MPTP-treated male C57BL/6 mice. Mice were randomly assigned to one of 6 groups (n=24 per group): normal saline (NS) intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) (con); MPTP i.p. (M); solvent of the lentivirus striatal injection (lentivirus control) + MPTP i.p. (LVcon+M); lentivirus striatal injection + MPTP i.p. (LV+M); LV-PGC-1 alpha striatum injection + MPTP i.p. (LVPGC+M); and LV-PGC-1 alpha-siRNA striatal injection + MPTP i.p. (LVsiRNA+M). Intraperitoneal injections of MPTP/NS were conducted two weeks after lentivirus injection. Results: We found significant improvement in motor behavior and increases in tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the substantia nigra (SN) in the brains of mice in the LVPGC+ M group. The opposite tendency was observed in those in the LVsiRNA+ M group. The expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the SN region was also consistent with the changes in PGC-1 alpha expression. Electron microscopy showed an increasing trend in the mitochondrial density in the LVPGC+M group and a decreasing trend in the M and LVsiRNA+M groups compared to that in the controls. Conclusions: Our results indicated that PGC-1 alpha rescues the effects of MPTP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in C57BL mice.