Stabilization of α-Synuclein Fibril Clusters Prevents Fragmentation and Reduces Seeding Activity and Toxicity

Protein misfolding results in the accumulation of aggregated beta-sheet-rich structures in Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease. The toxic oligomer hypothesis stipulates that prefibrillar assemblies, such as soluble oligomers or protofibrils, are responsible for the poor prognosis of these diseases. Previous studies demonstrated that a small molecule related to the natural compound orcein, O4, directly binds to amyloid-beta fibrils and stabilizes them, accelerating the formation of end-stage mature fibrils. Here we demonstrate a similar phenomenon during O4 treatment of alpha-synuclein (alpha syn) aggregates, the protein responsible for PD pathology. While the drug did not change the kinetics of aggregate formation as measured by the amyloidophilic dye thioflavin T, O4 depleted alpha syn oligomers and promoted the formation of sodium dodecyl sulfate and proteinase K resistant aggregates consisting of large fibril clusters. These fibril clusters exhibited reduced toxicity to human neuronal model cells and reduced seeding activity in vitro. The effectiveness of O4 decreased when it was added at later points in the alpha syn aggregation pathway, which suggests that the incorporation of O4 into fibril assemblies stabilizes them against chemical, enzymatic, and mechanic degradation. These findings suggest that small molecules, which stabilize amyloid fibrils, can prevent fibril fragmentation and seeding and consequently prevent prion-like replication of misfolded alpha syn. Inhibiting priori replication by fibril stabilization could thus be a therapeutic strategy for PD.