4.7 Article

First Report of Microcystis Strains Producing MC-FR and -WR Toxins in Japan

期刊

TOXINS
卷 11, 期 9, 页码 -

出版社

MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090521

关键词

Cyanobacteria; Microcystis; microcystins; environmental water; liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; protein phosphatase 2A inhibition assay

资金

  1. Regional New Consortium R&D Projects from the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry of Japan [19K9501]
  2. Regional Innovation Creation R&D Programs from the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry of Japan [20R9001]

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Microcystins (MCs) are a group of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by Microcystis and several other genera of cyanobacteria. Many structural variants have been characterized using various methods such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition assay. The representative MC, MC-LR, and related cyanobacterial toxins strongly inhibit PP2A activity and can therefore be assayed by measuring the extent of PP2A inhibition. However, these methods require reference toxin standards for the quantification and identification of known MCs. To obtain various MC-producing cyanobacterial strains, we surveyed and collected MC-producing cyanobacteria from environmental sources of water in Okinawa, Japan. Using a dual assay (LC-MS analysis and PP2A inhibition assay), we identified and isolated Microcystis strains producing five MC variants (MC-LR, -RR, -LA, -FR and -WR). Approximately 4 mg of MC-WR and -FR toxins were purified from the laboratory culture of the Microcystis isolate NIES-4344. Pure MC-WR and -FR variants were prepared for future use as toxin standards in LC-MS analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on ftsZ revealed that the NIES-4344 strain belongs to the identified groups in Microcystis aeruginosa. This is the first report of Microcystis strains producing mainly MC-WR and -FR toxins in Japan.

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