Modeling electric vehicle charging station expansion with an integration of renewable energy and Vehicle-to-Grid sources

This study proposes a novel formulation for designing and managing electric vehicle charging stations, considering both long-term planning decisions and short-term operational decisions over a pre-specified planning horizon and under stochastic power demand. To solve this challenging problem, we propose a hybrid algorithm that combines Sample Average Approximation with an enhanced Progressive Hedging Algorithm. A case study, based on the road network around Washington, D.C., is presented to visualize and validate the modeling results. Results indicate that the electric vehicle power demand are satisfied primarily via the grid and Vehicleto-Grid when energy cost is low and solar power is unavailable.