Winter precipitation - not summer temperature - is still the main driver for Alpine shrub growth

High latitude and altitude environments are universally recognized as particularly sensitive to environmental changes and the current climate warming is inducing remarkable transformations on vegetation assemblage in these temperature-limited regions. However, next to the wealth of studies describing the effect of rising growing season temperature on trees, much less is known about the concurrent effects of precipitation and snowpack dynamics on the other key component of alpine vegetation represented by prostrate life forms. Selecting the most widespread shrub species in the North Hemisphere, we assembled a monospecific (Juniperus communis L.) network of 7 sites overarching the European Alps, measured the annual growth on >330 individuals and assessed the climate-growth associations for the last century (1910-2010) adopting a new model estimating the solid fraction of precipitation from unique highly-resolved daily climate records. Despite the high space-time variability of the yearly precipitation amount and distribution across the region, our analysis found a prominent, consistent and negative role of winter precipitation for shrub growth. Moreover, this crucial role of snow is maintained even in recent years, despite the persistent and significant warming trend. The presence of this underrated key factor for Alpine long-lived vegetation will require a thorough consideration. For the prostrate life form, not only temperature but also the solid fraction of winter precipitation should be considered to improve the projections of future growth trajectories. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.