期刊
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
卷 116, 期 35, 页码 17231-17238出版社
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901169116
关键词
domestication; evolution; gene flow; Neolithic
资金
- European Research Council (ERC) Persia [ERC-2011-ADG_ 20110406]
- Wellcome Trust [210119/Z/18/Z]
- Wolfson College (University of Oxford)
- ERC [ERC-2013-CoG-614725-PATHPHYLODYN]
- Natural Environmental Research Council [NE/K005243/1, NE/K003259/1]
- Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research [PN-II-RU-TE-2012-3-0461]
- National Geographic Society
- Icelandic Centre for Research (RANNIS)
- US National Science Foundation (NSF) [0732327, 1140106, 1119354, 1203823, 1203268, 1202692, 1249313, 0527732, 0638897, 0629500, 0947862, 1446308]
- General Directorate of Antiquities in Turkey
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [PE 424/10,1-3]
- Atapuerca Project [CGL2015-65387-C3-2-P]
- (Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Spain)
- Junta de Castilla y Leon
- Fundacion Atapuerca
- NSF [BCS-0530699, BCS-1311551]
- Ministry of Culture and Information and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia [III 47001]
- American Research Institute in Turkey
- Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia [SFRH/BPD/108326/2015]
- German Archaeological Institute, Berlin (Research Cluster 1, Project: Genetische Studien zur)
- British Academy and Leverhulme Trust [SG143331]
- National Science Centre, Poland [2017/25/B/HS3/01242]
- Directorate For Geosciences
- Division Of Polar Programs [0638897] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Directorate For Geosciences
- Office of Polar Programs (OPP) [1203823, 0947862, 1119354] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Behavioral and Cognitive Sci
- Direct For Social, Behav & Economic Scie [0527732] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Polar Programs
- Directorate For Geosciences [0629500] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Office of Polar Programs (OPP)
- Directorate For Geosciences [1446308, 1203268, 0732327] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- NERC [NE/F003382/2, NE/S00078X/1, NE/F003382/1] Funding Source: UKRI
Archaeological evidence indicates that pig domestication had begun by similar to 10,500 y before the present ( BP) in the Near East, and mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) suggests that pigs arrived in Europe alongside farmers similar to 8,500 y BP. A few thousand years after the introduction of Near Eastern pigs into Europe, however, their characteristic mtDNA signature disappeared and was replaced by haplotypes associated with European wild boars. This turnover could be accounted for by substantial gene flow from local European wild boars, although it is also possible that European wild boars were domesticated independently without any genetic contribution from the Near East. To test these hypotheses, we obtained mtDNA sequences from 2,099 modern and ancient pig samples and 63 nuclear ancient genomes from Near Eastern and European pigs. Our analyses revealed that European domestic pigs dating from 7,100 to 6,000 y BP possessed both Near Eastern and European nuclear ancestry, while later pigs possessed no more than 4% Near Eastern ancestry, indicating that gene flow from European wild boars resulted in a near-complete disappearance of Near East ancestry. In addition, we demonstrate that a variant at a locus encoding black coat color likely originated in the Near East and persisted in European pigs. Altogether, our results indicate that while pigs were not independently domesticated in Europe, the vast majority of human-mediated selection over the past 5,000 y focused on the genomic fraction derived from the European wild boars, and not on the fraction that was selected by early Neolithic farmers over the first 2,500 y of the domestication process.
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