Plant secondary metabolites against arthropods of medical importance

Natural compounds of botanical origin are increasingly being investigated for the development of novel biocides. Intensive use of synthetic biocides and the confined array of chemical classes in use has led to the buildup of unwanted residues and to parasites' adaptive responses and resistance. Meanwhile, the geographic and host ranges of arthropod vectors and vector-borne diseases are broadening. In an effort to develop friendly biocidal compounds for the environment and human health, plant secondary metabolites originating in a number of botanical families could be engaged. This mini-review compiles the recently available knowledge on plant secondary metabolites exhibiting biocidal properties and provides a brief overview on their activity against arthropods with a focus on toxic and repellent properties. The selected examples show that it is valuable to consider plants as a promising source for new products development to support the fight against arthropods related to human health. Finally, we outline the biocides regulatory framework in the European Union (EU) and pinpoint some issues of concern regarding the development of low risk biocides. Graphic abstract Plant secondary metabolites acting against arthropods of medical importance