期刊
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
卷 488, 期 4, 页码 4873-4889出版社
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz2006
关键词
accretion; accretion discs; planets and satellites: composition; planets and satellites: formation; planet-disc interactions; protoplanetary discs; brown dwarfs
资金
- Science and Technology Funding Council (STFC) [ST/N504117/1, ST/N000757/1]
- STFC DiRAC HPC Facility [ST/H00856X/1, ST/K000373/1]
- STFC [ST/M001229/1]
- SNSF [200021_169054]
- Swiss National Foundation
- STFC [ST/K001000/1, ST/T001550/1, ST/T001348/1, ST/T001569/1, ST/R001014/1, ST/M007006/1, ST/M007065/1, ST/S002529/1, ST/H00856X/1, ST/T001372/1, ST/R00689X/1, ST/S000453/1, ST/R002363/1, 1794975, ST/R000832/1, ST/M007618/1, ST/R001049/1, ST/P002307/1, ST/R001006/1, ST/N504117/1, ST/M007073/1, ST/M006948/1, ST/K000373/1] Funding Source: UKRI
Direct imaging (DI) surveys suggest that gas giants beyond 20 au are rare around FGK stars. However, it is not clear what this means for the formation frequency of gravitational instability (GI) protoplanets due to uncertainties in gap opening and migration efficiency. Here we combine state-of-the-art calculations of homogeneous planet contraction with a population synthesis code. We find DI constraints to be satisfied if protoplanet formation by GI occurs in tens ofpercent of systems if protoplanets supermigrate' to small separations. In contrast, GI may occur in only a fewpercent of systems if protoplanets remain stranded at wide orbits because their migration is quenched' by efficient gap opening. We then use the frequency of massive giants in radial velocity surveys inside 5 au to break this degeneracy - observations recently showed that this population does not correlate with the host star metallicity and is therefore suspected to have formed via GI followed by inward migration. We find that only the supermigration scenario can sufficiently explain this population while simultaneously satisfying the DI constraints and producing the right mass spectrum of planets inside 5 au. If massive gas giants inside 5 au formed via GI, then our models imply that migration must be efficient and that the formation of GI protoplanets occurs in at least tens ofpercent of systems.
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