Utilization of a robust syringe-to-syringe displacement-assisted dispersive liquid-phase microextraction to the preconcentration and determination of palladium in environmental samples with the aid of experimental design

We introduce a syringe-to-syringe displacement-assisted dispersive liquid-phase microextraction to the separation and preconcentration of trace Pd(II) amounts in different environmental samples. In this method, the Pd was replaced copper from its diethyldithiocarbamate complex and extracted into 1-octanol serving as the extraction solvent and analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The multivariate strategy was utilized to screen the various variables and evaluate the optimal conditions of this microextraction method. The effective parameters such as microextraction solvent type, pH adjustment, number of injections, concentration of Cu(II), salt effect and time for centrifugation were investigated. Parameters such as linear range, detection limit, relative standard deviation and enrichment factor for Pd(II) were found to be 5.0-500.0 mu g L-1, 1.32 mu g L-1, 2.9% and 87.7, respectively. The proposed system was applied to the Pd(II) determination in various environmental samples as water and soil.