Paleoenvironmental shifts spanning the last ∼6000 years and recent anthropogenic controls inferred from a high-altitude temperate lake: Anchar Lake, NW Himalaya

Integrating multiproxy results (geochemistry, mineral magnetism, grain size, and C/N ratio variability supported by C-14 AMS dating), obtained from a 1.4-m sediment core retrieved from high-altitude Anchar Lake, Kashmir Valley, NW Himalaya, we present a 6000-years record of paleoenvironmental and paleolimnological shifts. Phase 1 (6000-4700 cal. yr BP) revealed a wetter climate with a significant terrestrial input corresponding to the gradual strengthening of the westerlies. Phase 2 (4700-3900 cal. yr BP) reflects an overall improved westerly precipitation and autochthonous sources of organic matter (OM). Magnetic parameters also indicate higher lake levels and reducing conditions during this phase. Phase 2 was followed by a gradual diminishing pattern of the westerlies as also represented by phase 3 (3900-2500 cal. yr BP) and phase 4 (2500-1600 cal. yr BP) indicating moderate precipitation conditions, catchment stability, and temperate and/or cold-dry climatic conditions. Phase 5 (1600-500 cal. yr BP) revealed the prevalence of moderately cold/dry and further subdued westerly precipitation. Phase 6 (500 cal. yr BP to present) is represented by reduced westerly precipitation, shrinking lake margins, and significant terrestrial/anthropogenic controls over the lake basin. Mineral magnetic parameters indicate reducing lake bottom water conditions and eutrophication during this phase due to anthropogenic activities. These paleoenvironmental shifts reveal near synchronous changes (within dating uncertainties) with other regional paleoclimate records close to the present Anchar Lake location and reflect the gradual late-Holocene diminishment of the amount of winter/early summer moisture provided by the mid-latitude westerlies.