Co-biodegradation of naphthenic acids in anoxic denitrifying biofilm reactors

Anoxic co-biodegradation of linear and cyclic naphthenic acids (NAs) namely octanoic acid, trans-4-methyl-1-cyclohexane carboxylic acid (trans-4MCHCA), cis- and trans-4-methyl-1-cyclohexane-acetic acids (cis-4MCHAA and trans-4MCHAA) was investigated in denitrifying biofilm reactors. In all evaluated compositions, co-biodegradation of NAs was coupled to denitrification, with octanoic acid showing the fastest biodegradation rate (1180.4 mg L-1 h(-1) at loading rate of 1180.4 mg L-1 h(-1)), followed by trans-4MCHCA (398.1 mg L-1 h(-1) at loading rate of 435.8 mg L-1 h(-1)), trans-4MCHAA (25.7 mg L-1 h(-1) at loading rate of 221.7 mg L-1 h(-1)), and cis-4MCHAA (5.3 mg L-1 h(-1) at loading rate of 16.9 mg L-1 h(-1)). Biodegradation of octanoic acid and trans-4MCHCA were not influenced by the presence of recalcitrant NAs (cis- and trans-4MCHAA). Co-biodegradation of cis- and trans-4MCHAA with octanoic acid, trans-4MCHCA, or their combination enhanced the biodegradability of these recalcitrant NAs, with the positive impact being more pronounced for trans-4MCHCA. Finally anoxic co-biodegradation of NAs under denitrifying conditions proceeded at rates that were faster than the aerobic rates obtained in similar mixtures. Anoxic biodegradation, therefore, is an effective alternative for in situ treatment of oil sands process water in anoxic stabilization ponds amended with nitrate, or as an ex situ treatment approach in denitrifying bioreactors whereby the cost and technical challenges of aeration are eliminated.

Automated summary

The anoxic co-biodegradation of linear and cyclic naphthenic acids (NAs) coupled with denitrification in denitrifying biofilm reactors showed that octanoic acid had the fastest biodegradation rate. The presence of recalcitrant NAs did not influence the biodegradation of octanoic acid and trans-4MCHCA, while co-biodegradation of cis- and trans-4MCHAA with other compounds enhanced the biodegradability of these recalcitrant NAs. This anoxic biodegradation method could be an effective alternative for treating oil sands process water, offering faster rates compared to aerobic methods.