A sustainable solution for electricity crisis in Pakistan: opportunities, barriers, and policy implications for 100% renewable energy

This study aims to explore the potential of renewable energy resources to attain a 100% renewable electricity system in Pakistan. Currently, most of the electricity supply comes from fossil fuel, which is imported because Pakistan lacks its own resources. The imports of fossil fuel cost a huge amount and therefore afflict the already fragile economy. Further, the policy to rely on fossil fuel has significantly failed to address the energy crisis that has been lingering for the past two decades, and an acute shortage of electricity hinders the progress of various sectors of the economy. In addition, the global climate index has listed Pakistan among the top 10 climate-vulnerable countries, which makes it pertinent for the country to take precautionary measures for climate change mitigation. Pakistan has abundant renewable energy resources, which are more than sufficient to meet 100% of the present and future electricity demands. On the basis of the existing literature and the dilemma of the energy crisis and climate vulnerability, this study argues that transition to a 100% renewable electricity system is not only an option but also an urgent requirement. Further, we list the potential barriers, in the context of Pakistan, and put forward the policy implications for a swift transition to an entirely renewable electricity system.