Circulating tumour cells and hypercoagulability: a lethal relationship in metastatic breast cancer

Purpose Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are a marker of poor prognosis and are associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). We aimed to determine if the presence of CTCs and plasma markers of hypercoagulability [thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT), fibrinogen and d-dimer] are biomarkers of survival in MBC. Methods/patients In a prospective study of MBC patients, CTC (CellSearch(R)) enumeration and plasma TAT, fibrinogen and d-dimer measured prior to commencement of treatment for disease progression were correlated to overall survival. Results At study completion, of 50 MBC patients recruited (median age 59 years, range 36-82), 40 patients had died (median survival 417 days, range 58-2141). CTCs (>= 1/7.5 ml) were identified in 16 patients (median number of cells per 7.5 ml, 3 (range 1-31) and were associated with systemic hypercoagulability (medians TAT: 8.1 vs. 5.2 ng/ml, p = 0.03; fibrinogen: 4.3 vs. 3.1 g/l, p = 0.03; d-dimer: 1327 vs. 683 ng/ml, p = 0.0001). At 1 year, of 16 patients with >= 1 CTC, 7 had died (44%), compared to 5 of 26 (19%) patients in the no-CTC group. The presence of >= 1 CTC was associated with a trend for reduced overall survival (median 455 days vs. 614 days, p = 0.15). Plasma TAT inversely correlated with survival and was significantly higher in patients dying within 1 year (median 9.8 vs. 5.2 ng/ml, p = 0.004) whilst d-dimer showed a trend for reduced 1-year survival (median 1211 vs. 817 ng/ml, p = 0.06). MBC patients with combined high d-dimer (>= 895 ng/ml) and CTC positivity (>= 1/7.5 ml whole peripheral blood) had significantly reduced survival (p = 0.04). Conclusions The correlation between CTCs, hypercoagulability and reduced survival in MBC suggests the coagulation system supports tumour cell metastasis and is, therefore, a potential therapeutic target.