Phase-transition induced optimization of electrostrain, electrocaloric refrigeration and energy storage of LiNbO3 doped BNT-BT ceramics

((Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3)(0.88)-(BaTiO3)(0.12))((1-x))-(LiNbO3)(x) = 0.0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, and 0.07; abbreviated as LiNbO3-doped BNT-BT) ceramics possessing many excellent performances (large electrostrain, negative electrocaloric effect and energy storage density with high efficiency) was fabricated by the conventional solid-state reaction method. A large electrostrain (maximum similar to 0.34% at 100 kV/cm and room temperature) with high thermal stability over a broad temperature range (similar to 80 K) is obtained at x = 0.03. A large energy storage density (maximum W energy similar to 0.665 J/cm(3) at 100 kV/cm and room temperature) with a high efficiency (eta similar to 49.3%) is achieved at x = 0.06. Moreover, a large negative electrocaloric (EC) effect (maximum Delta T similar to 1.71 K with Delta S 0.22 J/(K kg) at 70 kV/cm)) is also obtained at x = 0.04. Phase transition (from ferroelectric to antiferroelectric and then to relaxor) induced by increasing the doping amount of LiNbO3 plays a very key role on the optimization of these performances. These findings and breakthroughs make the LiNbO3-doped BNT-BT ceramics very promising candidates as multifunctional materials.