Molecular switches for regulating the differentiation of inflammatory and IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory T-helper cells

CD4 T-helper (Th) cells secret a variety of inflammatory cytokines and play critical roles in host defense against invading foreign pathogens. On the other hand, uncontrolled inflammatory responses mediated by Th cells may result in tissue damage and inflammatory disorders including autoimmune and allergic diseases. Thus, the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine expression becomes an important brake to repress and/or terminate aberrant and/or unnecessary immune responses. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is one of the most important anti-inflammatory cytokines to limit inflammatory Th cells and immunopathology and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Many studies have indicated that Th cells can be a major source of IL-10 under specific conditions both in mouse and human and that extracellular signals and cell intrinsic molecular switches are required to turn on and off Il10 expression in different Th cells. In this review, we will highlight the recent findings that have enhanced our understanding on the mechanisms of IL-10 induction in distinct Th-cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, as well as the importance of these IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory Th cells in immunity and inflammation.