A tRNA fragment, 5′-tiRNAval, suppresses the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by targeting FZD3 in breast cancer

tRNA-derived fragments offer a recently identified group of non-coding single-stranded RNAs that are often as abundant as microRNAs in cancer cells and play important roles in carcinogenesis. However, the biological functions of them in breast cancer are still unclear. Hence, we focused on investigating whether tiRNAs could play a key role in the progression of breast cancer. We have identified 5'-tiRNA(val) with significantly low expression in breast cancer tissues. The down-regulation of serum 5'-tiRNA(val) was positively correlated with stage progression and lymph node metastasis. Overexpression of 5'-tiRNA(val) suppressed cells malignant activities. FZD3 was confirmed to be a direct target of 5'-tiRNA(va)l in breast cancer. In addition, FZD3, beta-Catenin, c-myc and cyclinD1 levels in 5'-tiRNA(val) overexpressing cells were downregulated while APC was inversely upregulated. Moreover, 5'-tiRNA(Val) inhibited the FZD3-mediated Wnt/beta-Catenin signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. Finally, 5'-tiRNA(val) levels differentiated breast cancer from healthy controls with a sensitivity of 90.0% and specificity of 62.7%. This is the first study to show that 5'-tiRNA(val) as a new tumor-suppressor through inhibition of FZD3/Wnt/beta-Catenin signaling pathway, which could be as a potential diagnostic biomarker for breast cancer.